What are the three compounds used in wastewater treatment that increase alkalinity?

Bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide are recognized for their vital role in increasing alkalinity in wastewater treatment processes. Alkalinity refers to the capacity of water to neutralize acids, a crucial characteristic for maintaining pH stability during treatment.

Bicarbonate serves as a buffer that can absorb excess hydrogen ions, effectively helping to maintain a stable pH environment. Carbonate ions contribute similarly by providing a means for buffering against changes in acidity. Hydroxide ions, on the other hand, can raise the pH directly by neutralizing acids present in wastewater.

Together, these compounds are essential for optimal biological activity, particularly in processes like anaerobic digestion and nitrification, where specific pH levels are necessary for microbial health and efficiency. This knowledge is fundamental for wastewater operators, as managing alkalinity can significantly impact treatment outcomes.

Other options included in the question do not contribute to the increase of alkalinity effectively. Sodium, potassium, and calcium have different roles in wastewater treatment but do not primarily serve to enhance alkaline conditions. Nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate are nutrients and compounds that can affect other chemical processes in wastewater but are not alkalinity builders. Similarly, chloride, fluoride, and bromide are halides that do not have